A fully toroidal fluid description has been derived for electrostatic drift modes in plasmas with electron trapping. The system includes both a modified toroidal ion temperature gradient mode (η i mode) and a new trapped electron mode. The transport, obtained both by quasi-linear theory and non-linear numerical simulations, shows several features that are in agreement with observations in tokamaks, such as particle or heat pinch effects. A general tendency for equilibration of the inhomogeneity scale lengths for the density and temperature is found.
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Weiland et al. (1989) studied this question.