Association of lipid composition and unsaturated fatty acids of VLDL with atrial remodeling in metabolic syndrome

Figures

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  Figure 1. Atrial size, function, and electrical activity measurements in echocardiography and electrocardiography. (A–C) LA size (in diameter and volumes) was significantly larger in both MetS (-off statin and -on statin) groups than in the non-MetS group. (D–F) The MetS groups had a larger LA emptying volume. The emptying fraction (EF) was significantly larger in the MetS-off statin group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001. (G–I) P wave duration and PR interval, QRS, and QTc interval in lead II, and the terminal force of the P wave in lead V1 are compared among groups. The MetS-off statin group had a significantly prolonged PR interval in lead II. *P < 0.05. (J–L) Comparison of heart rate, QRS width and QTc interval among groups.

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  Figure 2. Comparison of lipid species in VLDLs of non-MetS, MetS-off statin, and MetS-on statin groups. Lipid species with at least a twofold change were identified as significantly different between groups, including those belonging to diacylglycerol (DAG), lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC), lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), (PI), ceramide (Cer), triglyceride (TAG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol (Chol), and ether derivatives of PE (PE O-), PC (PC O-), and cholesteryl ester (CE). Principal component analysis (PCA) shows differences among the three groups.

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  Figure 3. Lipid classes and structural and functional categories in VLDLs. (A–C) Relative abundance of 16 lipid classes, including cholesteryl ester (CE), ceramide (Cer), cholesterol (Chol), diacylglycerol (DAG), glucosyl/galactosyl ceramide (HexCer), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lyso-PC (LPC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), lyso-PE (LPE), phospholipid (PL), sphingomyelin (SM), ether derivatives of PC (PC O-), LPC (LPC O-), PE (PE O-), and LPE (LPE O-). (D–F) Relative abundance of 5 structural categories, including glycerolipid (GL), glycerophospholipid (GPL), sphingolipid (SL), sterol (ST), and sterol ester (STE). (G–I) Relative abundance of 3 functional categories, including lysolipids (LYS), membrane lipids (MEM), and storage lipids (STO). Bars for the non-MetS, MetS-off statin, and MetS-on statin groups are illustrated in red, green, and yellow, respectively.

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  Figure 4. Association of VLDL lipid classes with MetS score, BMI, and cardiac remodeling markers. (A) Among 16 lipid classes, cholesterol (Chol), lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC), lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), and triglyceride (TAG) were significantly correlated with LA size in maximum volume. (B) Chol, LPE, TAG, glucosyl/galactosyl ceramide (HexCer), and ether derivative of phosphatidylcholine (LPC O-) are significantly correlated with intra-atrial conduction indicated by the PR interval. (C) MetS score is positively correlated with LPE, LPC, and TAG but negatively correlated with Chol. Consistently, MetS score, LA maximum volume, and LV mass were positively correlated with LPC and LPE. TAG alone was positively correlated with MetS score, BMI, LA diameter, maximum volume, and PR interval.

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  Figure 5. Total length and double bonds of fatty acids in VLDLs of MetS and non-MetS, and the correlation with MetS score and cardiac remodeling markers. The relative abundance of total lengths with 1, 2 and 3 fatty acids (A), and of double bonds in fatty acids (B), and the comparison between the non-MetS (red) and MetS-off statin (green) groups (A,B). (C) The correlation of double bond numbers with variables including MetS score, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), and markers for cardiac remodeling.