Steady-state and dynamic methods for differentiating between successive and cooperative excitation of fluorescence are discussed with respect to the infrared excitation of the red (0.65-μ) fluorescence of Ho3+ in CaF2. The excitation of this fluorescence by 1.16-μ radiation is identified as a nonresonant cooperative interaction involving the emission of about four phonons for energy conservation.
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Verber et al. (1971) studied this question.