Relationship between brachial-ankle and heart-femoral pulse wave velocities and the rapid decline of kidney function

Figures

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  Figure 1. Scatter plot of the relationship between baPWV and changes in the eGFR. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. The red line represents the regression line.

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  Figure 2. Risk for the rapid decline in the eGFR according to the status of the baPWV. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. *P < 0.05 when compared with the 1Q of baPWV. The adjusted OR and its CI were calculated using a multivariate logistic regression analysis, into which age, sex, smoking pack-year, beta blocker use, diabetes, causes of chronic kidney diseases, heart rate, pulse pressure, serum levels of calcium and phosphorus, eGFR, bilirubin, albumin, cholesterol, hemoglobin, and logarithm of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio were entered.

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  Figure 3. Penalized smoothing splines showing the relationship between the baPWV and the rapid decline in the eGFR. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. The upper and lower 2.5% of the baPWV were truncated. The red line indicates the OR and the black dotted line indicates the 95% CI for which baPWV influences the rapid decline in the eGFR. In the multivariate analysis, the covariates were age, sex, smoking pack-year, beta blocker use, diabetes, causes of chronic kidney diseases, heart rate, pulse pressure, serum levels of calcium and phosphorus, eGFR, bilirubin, albumin, cholesterol, hemoglobin, and logarithm of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio.

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  Figure 4. Subgroup analysis for the OR of both high baPWV and hfPWV (High-ba/High-hf) vs. both low baPWV and hfPWV (Low-ba/Low-hf) for a rapid eGFR decline. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; hfPWV, heart-femoral pulse wave velocity; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PP, pulse pressure. OR and its 95% CI were calculated using multivariate logistic analysis, entering into age, sex, diabetes, causes of CKD, PP, eGFR, logarithm of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, albumin, cholesterol, hemoglobin, serum calcium level, and beta blocker use as covariates. When one covariate was chosen as a subgroup, it was omitted from the model.