Local electronic signatures of impurity states in graphene

Defects in graphene are of crucial importance for its electronic and magnetic properties. Here, impurity effects on the electronic structure of surrounding carbon atoms are considered and the distribution of the local densities of states is calculated. As the full range from near field to the asymptotic regime is covered, our results are directly accessible by scanning tunneling microscopy. We also include exchange scattering at magnetic impurities and elucidate how strongly spin-polarized impurity states arise.