The effect of annealing on the wetting behavior of Bi‐rich intergranular phases in ZnO:Bi:Co varistors was studied. The intergranular phase exhibits temperature‐dependent grain‐boundary wetting, with an average equilibrium dihedral angle of 0° at 1140°C and over 55° at 610°C. The temperature‐dependent wetting may be related to the temperature dependence of the ZnO concentration in the Bi 2 O 3 liquid phase. The effect of the intergranular phase distribation on the electrical properties of ZnO varistors is discussed.
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Gambino et al. (1989) studied this question.
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