What question did this study set out to answer?

To develop and analyze a 1D model of an R290 indirect heat pump system with vapor-injection.

Development of a 1D Model and Performance Analysis at Extremely Low Temperature of an R290 Indirect Heat pump System with Vapor-Injection

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To develop and analyze a 1D model of an R290 indirect heat pump system with vapor-injection.
Developed a 1-D GT-SUITE model for R290 indirect heat pump system.
Calibrated and validated the non-vapor-injection baseline model using experimental data from -20 to 7°C.
Extended the baseline to a vapor-injection configuration for analysis between -35 to 7°C.
VI system increased heating capacity by 7.2% to 9.0% with minimal increase in compressor power (1.2% to 2.0%).
Maximum COP increase by 7.49% was observed between -30 and -25°C, and 5.88% at -35°C.
Comparison with IDS-R1234yf showed an 83.6% higher heating capacity and 16.2% higher COP at -35°C.

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Randomized trial investigates vapor-injection impact on heating capacity in EV heat pumps, suggesting effective cold climate solutions.

Heo et al. (2026) studied this question.

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