Integration of forage radish ( Raphanus sativus) in biorefineries: agronomic, bioenergetic and bioactive potential

The transition toward low-carbon energy systems and sustainable agriculture has increased interest in non-food crops for biorefinery applications. Raphanus sativus var. oleiferus (forage radish) presents a short growth cycle, high biomass yield, and broad edaphoclimatic adaptability, combining relevant agronomic characteristics with bioenergy potential. This study conducted a bibliometric and systematic review using the Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection databases to evaluate the application of this species in different biorefinery conversion routes. A total of 846 records were initially identified and, after duplicate removal and screening procedures, 109 articles were included in the final qualitative and bibliometric analyses. The main topics involved biodiesel production from seed oil, second-generation bioethanol from residual meal, anaerobic digestion, and recovery of bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. The seeds present oil contents ranging from 26% to 40%, while the residual meal concentrates proteins and structural carbohydrates, supporting biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes. In addition, forage radish biomass has been investigated for applications involving biochar, biogas, animal feed, adsorbents, and bioactive extracts. Overall, the available literature indicates that R. sativus represents a strategic crop for biomass valorization and integration into agricultural biorefinery systems, contributing to renewable energy generation and sustainable biomass utilization.