Resilience assessment of urban transportation complex networks from a higher order perspective

To address the limitation of existing single-mode resilience studies, this paper proposes a higher-order complex network method to assess the resilience of a composite urban public transportation system that integrates subway and bus networks through three connection types: subway–subway, bus–bus, and subway–bus transfer links. A system dynamics model is combined with complex network analysis to define and quantify resilience indicators. Using Beijing public transportation data, the structural and topological properties of the subway, bus, and composite networks are analyzed, and the effect of network integration on resilience is examined. Results demonstrate that the higher-order composite network exhibits superior resilience compared to single-mode networks, implying that multimodal integration captures the real system’s structural and functional characteristics more accurately and offers more reliable support for urban transportation planning and emergency management.