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We analyze the effects of the radial drift of the trapped particles on the drift-wave instability in toroidal systems. These effects appear as O(√ε) corrections to the dispersion relation, ε being the toroidicity. Instabilities due to the drift orbit are found in the following limits: (a) aₑωk_∥aᵢ, ε1/2aₑ, (b) ε1/2aₑ, aᵢωk_∥>ε1/2aᵢ, where aₑ and aᵢ are the thermal speeds of the electrons and ions, respectively.
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Liu et al. (1970) studied this question.
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