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This paper outlines a theoretical model of a dual-tube damper, presents the results of a digital simulation and compares them with previous experimental results. The damper characteristics are confirmed as being highly non-linear and exhibiting hysteresis effects. A prediction of the ride performance of a vehicle fitted with these dampers is made and shows that the typical linear and bilinear models of the damper are inappropriate and lead to over-optimistic estimates of ride performance.
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Hall et al. (1986) studied this question.
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