Migration and Metropolitan Decline in Developed Countries: A Comparative Study

reversals in the world's developed countries since 1970. One of these reversals, which occurred in most developed countries (Vining, 1982), involves a new distribution out ofthe "core " industrial regions and into less developed "peripheral " regions that have, in the past, been associated primarily with agriculture, resource development, and lower level tertiary activities. A second reversal, documented in some countries (Champion, 1983; Hugo and Smailes, 1985; Kontuly, Wiard, and Vogelsang, 1986; Frey and Speare, 1988), involves redistribution along the urban hierarchy rather than across broad geographic regions and has been broadly characterized as "counterurbanization"