Theorizing societal impact of research. A theory of change for societal impact of research with explicated assumptions

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This article presents a generic model for conceptualizing and evaluating the societal impact of research (SIR). Drawing on reviews of existing SIR models, knowledge transfer and exchange theory, and methodological frameworks for theory-based evaluation, the authors propose the Copenhagen SIR model (CoSIR), which builds on a comprehensive, generic theory of change linking research activities, outputs, and outcomes through impact pathways. A key contribution of this article is the explicit articulation of the model’s assumptions, which advances conceptual clarity and provides practical guidance for designing and assessing strategies for societal impact. In addition, the CoSIR model integrates contextual factors, productive interactions, unintended outcomes, and research and stakeholder capacities. It serves as both an analytical and a practical scaffold for designing, implementing, and evaluating the societal impact of research programs. Concrete case applications demonstrate its adaptability across diverse contexts and its potential to support cumulative theorizing and strengthen accountability in research evaluation.