Application of geostatistical techniques in the assessment of groundwater contamination in the Afigya Kwabre District of Ghana

Geostatistical techniques have been applied to successfully assess the groundwater quality in the Afigya Kwabre District of Ghana. Forty boreholes were sampled for physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of the groundwater. Principal component analysis revealed that seven components contain 81.01% of the variation of the original variables. Factor 1 accounted for 31.34% of the total variance, factor 2 accounted for 10.97%, third and fourth factors explained 8.41% and 8.19%, the fifth factor showed 8.13% while the sixth and seventh components showed 7.76% and 6.21% variances, respectively. R-mode cluster analysis showed five clusters. Cluster 1 was made of Na + , Cl − , TH, SiO 2 , HCO 3 − and TDS. Cluster 2 and cluster 3 contained dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, K + and F − , Br, respectively. Cluster 4 was made of PO 4 3− and NO 3 − and Cluster 5 had Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Total. coli, Fecal. coli, SO 4 2− , and salinity. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between EC and TDS, Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Mn, Na + , TH, HCO 3 − ; pH and Ca 2+ , HCO 3 − ; Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , Na + , TH, HCO 3 − , Fe; Ca 2+ and Na + , TH, HCO 3 − ; Cu and PO 4 3− ; Mn and Na + ; F − and SO 4 2− as well as NO 3 − and PO 4 3− . The study revealed the impact of both natural processes such as rock mineral weathering, ion exchange, and anthropogenic activities such as application of agrochemicals on farmlands and improper waste disposal on the geochemistry of the groundwater. Generally, the groundwater in the District has a low pH. However, it is generally suitable for domestic use with exception of a few samples with high Fe, F-, Pb concentrations and Escherichia coliform and fecal coliform contaminations. The study has shown that the geostatistical technique is useful in determining the state of water contamination, the extent of contamination, and possible source of contaminants, as well as presenting a guideline for effective groundwater resource management.