Sex-based differences in myocardial infarction-induced kidney damage following cigarette smoking exposure: more renal protection in premenopausal female mice

Figures

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  Figure 1. EF and CO comparison between male and female mice following CS exposure in the presence of MI Cardiac functional assessment. EF markedly decreased in CS-exposed MI males when compared with their relative female subject (A). (B) Co significantly decreased in CS-exposed MI mice of both sexes. Data were analyzed for significance using two-way ANOVA. All bars represent mean ± SEM (*P value < 0.05; n = 5–9); CS: cigarette smoking; Ctrl: Control; MI: myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 2. Glomerular retraction comparison between male and female mice following CS exposure in the presence of MI Enhanced glomerular retraction was observed in CS-exposed MI males when compared with the relative female subject. Representative image of each H&E stained group is shown. Data were analyzed for significance using two-way ANOVA. All bars represent mean ± SEM (*P value < 0.05; n = 3–9); CS: cigarette smoking; Ctrl: Control; MI: myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 3. CS exposure increased PCT cross-sectional area in MI male mice compared to the relative female subjects PCT dilatation was substantially increased in CS-exposed MI males when compared with the relative female subjects. Representative image of each PAS stained group is shown. Data were analyzed for significance using two-way ANOVA. All bars represent mean ± SEM (*P value < 0.05; n = 3–8); CS: cigarette smoking; Ctrl: Control; MI: myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 4. CS exposure increased total renal fibrosis but not α-SMA and CTGF in MI male mice compared to the relative female subjects Total renal fibrosis significantly increased in CS-exposed MI males when compared with the relative female subjects (A). Representative image of each MTC stained group is shown. α-SMA and CTGF significantly increased in CS-exposed MI male mice, only (B,C). (D) α-SMA accumulation in the peritubular space of CS-exposed MI male mice, only. Representative image of each IF stained group is shown. Data were analyzed for significance using two-way ANOVA. All bars represent mean ± SEM (*P value < 0.05; n = 3–8); CS: cigarette smoking; Ctrl: Control; MI: myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 5. Total ROS score and glomerular DNA fragmentation comparison between male and female mice following CS exposure in the presence of MI Total ROS score (A) and glomerular DNA fragmentation (B) significantly increased in CS-exposed MI mice of both sexes. Representative image of each DHE and TUNEL stained group is shown. Data were analyzed for significance using two-way ANOVA. All bars represent mean ± SEM (*P value < 0.05; n = 3–5); CS: cigarette smoking; Ctrl: Control MI: myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 6. NAD biosynthetic, NAD dependent, total renal NAD levels comparison between male and female mice following CS exposure in the presence of MI NAMPT and NMRK-1 mRNA expression levels significantly increased in CS-exposed MI female mice when compared with the relative male subjects (A,B). SIRT-1 and SIRT-3 mRNA expression levels markedly decreased in CS-exposed MI male mice when compared with the relative female subjects (C,D). PARP-1 mRNA expression levels and total renal NAD levels substantially decreased in CS-exposed MI male mice when compared with the MI group (E,F). Data were analyzed for significance using two-way ANOVA. All bars represent mean ± SEM (*P value < 0.05; n = 3–10).