Improvement of Hypertriglyceridemia by Roasted Nelumbinis folium in High Fat/High Cholesterol Diet Rat Model

Figures

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  Figure 1. Analysis of the components of roasted Nelumbinis folium (RN). Extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of UPLC/QE Orbitrap MS analysis of the positive (up) and negative (down) charged molecular ion shows nine major compounds.

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  Figure 2. Systolic blood pressure variation in high fat/high cholesterol (HFC) diet rats for analysis of Nelumbo nucifera (RN)-treated cardiovascular functional characteristics (A). Effect of RN on vascular relaxation by acetylcholine (Ach) in the thoracic aortic ring and on the relaxation rate at the final acetylcholine dose (B). Representative histological images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and aortic media thickness in the thoracic aorta (C). CON, regular diet; HFC, HFC diet; FLU, fluvastatin (3 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; RNN, RN (100 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; RNH, RN (200 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet. The values represent the means ± standard error. * p < 0.05, and ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 vs. CON; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. HFC.

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  Figure 3. Hematological changes in the treatment of roasted Nelumbo nucifera (RN) in high fat/cholesterol (HFC) diet Rats. Representative plasma images of HFC diet-fed rats appear turbid compared to those of the control group (A). Representative plasma image of HFC diet rats that appear turbid compared to the control group (A). Measurements of plasma insulin and glucose (B) TG, T-Cho, LDL, and HDL (C); FFA and FAS (D). CON, regular diet; HFC, HFC diet; FLU, fluvastatin (3 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; RNN, RN (100 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; RNH, RN (200 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; TG, triglyceride; T-Cho, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FFA, free fatty acid; FAS, fatty acid synthase. The values represent the means ± standard error. ** p<0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. CON; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. HFC.

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  Figure 4. Effect of roasted Nelumbo nucifera (RN) treatment on the changes in the epididymal fat pad on high fat/high cholesterol (HFC) diet rat. Representative image of the visceral fat distribution of each group (A). The red line indicated the degree of visceral fat distribution. Representative microscopic photograph of an epididymal fat pad using the oil red O staining method (B). Lower panel indicated the weight (C) and size (D) of adipose cells. CON, regular diet; HFC, HFC diet; FLU, fluvastatin (3 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; RNN, RN (100 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; RNH, RN (200 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet. The values represent the means ± standard error. *** p < 0.001 vs. CON; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs. HFC.

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  Figure 5. Effects of roasted Nelumbo nucifera (RN) on hepatic histopathology and function in rats fed a high fat/cholesterol (HFC) diet. Histopathological changes were identified within the liver tissue using hematoxylin and eosin staining (A). Graph of hepatic triglyceride levels (B), AST/ALT ratio in plasma (C), and hepatic LXR and SREBP-1 gene expression levels (D). CON, regular diet; HFC, HFC diet; FLU, fluvastatin (3 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; RNN, RN (100 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; RNH, RN (200 mg/kg/day) with HFC diet; LXR, liver X receptor; SREBP-1c, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferse. The values represent the means ± standard error. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 vs. CON; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs. HFC.

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  Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the effect of roasted Nelumbo nucifera (RN) in improving hypertriglyceridemia. TG, triglyceride; FFA, free fatty acid; LXR, liver X receptor; SREBP-1c, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.