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The research aims to study and observe directly about relative effects and relationship between upstream and downstream linkage on retailer distribution performance. Both distribution channels as important as its performance particularly in retail sector had becoming an interesting field to be explored recently. Observation took place at twenty major retailers located in capital city Jakarta. Structured questionnaire and SPSS software tools analysis were utilized by researcher to obtain a comprehensive result that showed significant relationship and effects between both upstream and downstream linkage on retailer distribution performance. This significant result would become a main reference for further and extended research on how downstream linkage were set during implementation of government regulation about retailer paid plastic shopping bag.
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Annas et al. (2019) studied this question.
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