SummaryVirtual reality (VR) is a technology that can teach surgeons new procedures and determine their level of competence before they operate on patients. An overview of the current state of development for the ‘Karlsruhe Endoscopic Surgery Trainer’, a VR technology-based training system for laparo-scopic surgery, is presented. Special attention is given to geometric modelling techniques for graphical real-time performance and elastodynamically deform-able tissue models.
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Kühnapfel et al. (1997) studied this question.
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