Aortic Response to Strength Training and Spirulina platensis Dependent on Nitric Oxide and Antioxidants

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Time of execution of exercise in eight-week training sessions for TG (•), TG50 (■), TG150 (▴) and TG500 (♦) groups. The symbols and vertical bars represent the mean and SEM, respectively (n = 20). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-test, *p < 0.05 (TG 1st week vs. TG 4th or 8th week, TG50 1st week vs. TG50 4th or 8th week, TG150 1st week vs. TG150 4th or 8th week, TG500 1st week vs. TG500 4th or 8th week).

• 

  Figure 2. Concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (A) and creatine kinase (B) from SG, TG, SG50, TG50, SG150, TG150, SG500, and TG500 groups. The columns and vertical bars represent the mean and SEM, respectively (n = 8). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-test, *p < 0.05 (TG vs. SG500), #p < 0.05 (TG50 vs. TG500), †p < 0.05 (TG150 vs. TG500).

• 

  Figure 3. Contractile effect of PHE in SG (°), TG (•) (A), SG50 (□), TG50 (■) (B), SG150 (▵), TG150 (▴) (C), SG500 (♢), and TG500 (♦) (D) groups in rat aorta in the presence of endothelium. The symbols and vertical bars represent the mean and SEM, respectively (n = 5). Student's t-test, *p < 0.05 (SG vs. TG, SG50 vs. TG50, SG150 vs. TG150, SG500 vs. TG500).

• 

  Figure 4. Contractile effect of PHE in SG (○), TG (•) (A), SG50 (□), TG50 (■) (B), SG150 (▵), TG150 (▴) (C), SG500 (♢), and TG500 (♦) (D) groups in rat aorta in the absence of endothelium. The symbols and vertical bars represent the mean and SEM, respectively (n = 5).

• 

  Figure 5. Relaxing effect of ACh in SG (○), TG (•) (A), SG50 (□), TG50 (■) (B), SG150 (▵), TG150 (▴) (C), SG500 (♢) and TG500 (♦) (D) groups in rat aorta. The symbols and vertical bars represent the mean and SEM, respectively (n = 5). Student's t test, *p < 0.05 (SG vs. TG, SG50 vs. TG50, SG150 vs. TG150, SG500 vs. TG500).

• 

  Figure 6. Contractile effect of PHE in SG (○), TG (•) (A), SG50 (□), TG50 (■) (B), SG150 (▵), TG150 (▴) (C), SG500 (♢) and TG500 (♦) (D) groups in rat aorta in the absence and presence of L-NAME. The symbols and vertical bars represent the mean and SEM, respectively (n = 5). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-test, *p < 0.05 (SG vs. SG + L-NAME, TG vs. TG + L-NAME, SG50 vs. SG50 + L-NAME, TG50 vs. TG50 + L-NAME, SG150 vs. SG150 + L-NAME, TG150 vs. TG150 + L-NAME, SG500vs. SG500 + L-NAME and TG500 vs. TG500 + L-NAME) and #p < 0.05 (TG + L-NAME vs. SG + L-NAME, TG50 + L-NAME vs. SG50 + L-NAME, TG50 + L-NAME vs. SG50 + L-NAME and TG500 + L-NAME vs. SG500 + L-NAME).

• 

  Figure 7. Concentration of nitrite in blood plasma (A) and aorta (B) from SG, TG, SG50, TG50, SG150, TG150, SG500, and TG500 groups, respectively. The columns and vertical bars represent the mean and SEM, respectively (n = 8). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-test, *p < 0.05 (SG vs. SG150, SG vs. SG500, TG vs. TG150 and TG vs. SG500), #p < 0.05 (SG50 vs. SG500 and TG50 vs. TG500), †p < 0.05 (SG150 vs. SG500 and TG150 vs. TG500), −−p < 0.05 (TG vs. SG, TG50 vs. SG50, TG150 vs. SG150 and TG500 vs. SG500).

• 

  Figure 8. Lipid peroxidation in blood plasma (A), aorta (B), heart (C) and percentage of oxidation inhibition in blood plasma (D), aorta (E), heart (F) from SG, TG, SG50, TG50, SG150, TG150, SG500, and TG500 groups, respectively. The columns and vertical bars represent the mean and SEM, respectively (n = 8). Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-test, *p < 0.05 (SG vs. SG150, SG vs. SG500, TG vs. TG150 and TG vs. TG500), #p < 0.05 (SG50 vs. SG150, SG50 vs. SG500, TG50 vs. TG150 and TG50 vs. TG500), †p < 0.05 (SG150 vs. SG500 and TG150 vs. TG500), −−p < 0.05 (TG vs. SG, TG50 vs. SG50, TG150 vs. SG150 and TG500 vs. SG500).