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August 1, 2026Cell Biology International

Perillaldehyde attenuates experimental diabetic nephropathy by modulating Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB pathways to reduce oxidative stress.

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Why the study?

Diabetic nephropathy involves oxidative stress, inflammation, NF-κB overexpression, and renal dysfunction, prompting evaluation of the renoprotective effects of perillaldehyde.

Does perillaldehyde attenuate diabetic nephropathy in experimental models?

Population

NRK-52E cells under high-glucose conditions and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Comparison

Perillaldehyde treatment vs controls

Design

In vitro and in vivo preclinical study

Key result

Perillaldehyde administration attenuated diabetic nephropathy in experimental models by modulating the Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.

Authors

HRHarini RamachandranUniversity of WashingtonAMAkash Kumar MouryaNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchAKAshutosh KumarChandigarh University

Discussion

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Overview

Perillaldehyde attenuates diabetic nephropathy in preclinical models; leaves open clinical translation and human efficacy.

Key Points

  • To assess the renoprotective effects and molecular mechanisms of perillaldehyde against diabetic nephropathy using in vitro and in vivo models.
  • Treated rat kidney epithelial (NRK-52E) cells with perillaldehyde prior to high-glucose exposure to assess oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme expression, and inflammatory markers.
  • Administered perillaldehyde at doses of 35 and 70 mg/kg to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats to evaluate renal function, histopathology, and redox signaling pathways.
  • Perillaldehyde reduced reactive oxygen species, upregulated Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, SOD1, NQO1), and suppressed Keap1, NF-κB, iNOS, and PARP in high-glucose-exposed NRK-52E cells.
  • In diabetic rats, perillaldehyde improved blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, reduced malondialdehyde, increased glutathione, and attenuated glomerular and tubular structural damage.

Structured PICO

Does perillaldehyde attenuate diabetic nephropathy in experimental models?

P
Population
In vitro (NRK-52E cells under high-glucose conditions) and in vivo (Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats) models of diabetic nephropathy
I
Intervention
Perillaldehyde (PA) (35 and 70 mg/kg in rats; pre-treatment in cells)
O
Outcome
Renal function parameters (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen), structural damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation markerssurrogate

Perillaldehyde demonstrates renoprotective effects in experimental models of diabetic nephropathy by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation pathways.

Cite This Study

Ramachandran et al. (2026) studied Diabetic nephropathy. Perillaldehyde was evaluated on Renal function parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammation markers. Perillaldehyde administration attenuated diabetic nephropathy in experimental models by modulating the Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a76d3ff137c7dcc81bd6edahttps://doi.org/10.1002/cbin.70193
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