Lymphadenopathy associated with Bartonella spp. in southern Iran

Bartonella species are vector-borne zoonotic pathogens responsible for a wide clinical spectrum of human infections, ranging from asymptomatic or subclinical presentations to self-limiting illnesses and severe, potentially life-threatening diseases. However, data on human infections caused by many newly described or lesser-known Bartonella species remain scarce or entirely lacking. We report two cases of lymphadenopathy caused by Bartonella species which are genotypically closely related with Bartonella gabonensis and “ Candidatus Bartonella gerbillinarum”, in southern Iran. Bartonella DNA was detected in lymph node biopsy specimens using PCR-based assays. Both patients responded favorably to a combination of antibiotic therapy and surgical management, resulting in complete clinical recovery. These rodent-associated Bartonella species have not previously been documented as human pathogens in clinical settings. Our findings raise significant concerns regarding the potential emergence of rodent-borne bartonellosis and underscore the need for heightened surveillance and further investigation within a One Health framework. Not applicable.