Abstract: This section proposes an ontological framework in which space is regarded as the primary, ever-existing, and unbounded entity, fundamentally distinct from the observable universe and its transient contents. While modern cosmology successfully describes the evolution of matter, energy, and radiation within a measurable spacetime, this paper argues that the observable universe is merely a finite physical domain embedded within a continuous spatial reality. Time is interpreted as a measure of physical change rather than an independent dimension extending beyond events. This framework explicitly distinguishes between space (the passive, eternal container) and the quantum vacuum (a physical system with fluctuating energy). It further clarifies the logical distinction between the divine Creator (active source of existence) and space (neutral receptacle). Building upon the author's prior work on the primacy of space and the fragmentation of light (Majeed,A 2026), this section establishes the foundational ontology required to reinterpret optical and cosmological phenomena without invoking wave-particle duality or the curvature of spacetime as fundamental. The discussion presented here examines this perspective in relation to current cosmological understanding and develops the conceptual foundation upon which the subsequent analysis of light and optical phenomena is built. This Version DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21828445
Asif Majeed (Fri,) studied this question.