Institutionalized Trafficking and the Gendered Governance of Seasonal Migration in Spanish Agriculture

Institutionalized trafficking is introduced in this article as a new conceptual category that expands the definition of human trafficking and broadens its analytical perspective for examining how trafficking-related dynamics may operate within formally regulated systems. Through a case study of Moroccan female seasonal workers in Spain, the study analyzes 41 legal texts (1985–2026) alongside empirical literature, examining the Temporary Migration Program (GECCO) through the Palermo Protocol’s framework of action, means, and purpose. The analysis identifies structural parallels between the selection, transfer, and reception of workers and trafficking-related practices carried out through coercion, dependency, and abuse of power for purposes of exploitation. Findings suggest that GECCO represents a paradigmatic case of institutionalized trafficking, with potential relevance for other temporary migration programs and institutional contexts.Practical Contribution and SDGs: This research contributes to policy debates by identifying structural risks within origin-based recruitment systems that may undermine protections against labor exploitation and trafficking. It supports SDG 5 (Gender Equality) by exposing gendered selection criteria and vulnerabilities affecting Moroccan women workers, and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions) by highlighting deficiencies in monitoring, enforcement, and accountability mechanisms. The findings provide evidence-based recommendations for strengthening labor inspections, ensuring independent oversight, and reforming tied-visa regimes to enhance rights protection and institutional transparency within temporary labor migration frameworks.