Impact of Drugs Used in Intensive Care on Routine Coagulation Testing

Coagulation testing is commonly used in the intensive care unit (ICU) to monitor and manage the hemostatic balance, assess bleeding risk, and guide anticoagulant therapy. Routine tests used for this purpose include prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and anti-Xa assays. Some of the drugs commonly used in critically ill patients may influence coagulation assays by interacting in vitro with reagents or in vivo with coagulation pathways, thus altering the coagulation cascade and the fibrinolytic pathway. While the pharmacological effects of drugs on coagulation are usually documented, to our knowledge, no comprehensive review article has been published to date. In this review, we have conducted a critical analysis of the literature to define: (1) the impact of hydroxocobalamin, intravenous lipid emulsion, and propofol on chromogenic assays; (2) the impact of PEGylated compounds, emicizumab, recombinant activated factor VII, antibiotics, and sugammadex on chronometric assays; (3) the challenges associated with bridging anticoagulation in the ICU as well as the effect of N-acetylcystein, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and tramadol on the hemostasis system. For each drug, we specify the routine coagulation assay that is impacted, whether this is linked to an in vitro interference or an in vivo effect, and the potential consequences on patient management.