Key result
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine induced cardiotoxicity in isolated rat heart mitochondria by significantly reducing SDH activity, increasing reactive oxygen species, and causing mitochondrial membrane potential collapse.
Why the study?
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can cause cardiotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms involving mitochondria and lysosomes are not well known.
Effect estimate: IC50: 20 µM for CQ and 50 µM for HCQ
p-value: p=<0.001
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine demonstrate direct cardiotoxic effects in isolated rat heart mitochondria by inducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and cytochrome c release.
QC/HCQ cardiotoxicity requires clinical vigilance; leaves open precise mechanisms and mitigation strategies.
BACKGROUND: Medical therapies can cause cardiotoxicity. Chloroquine (QC) and hydroxychloroquine (HQC) are drugs used in the treatment of malaria and skin and rheumatic disorders. These drugs were considered to help treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019. Despite the low cost and availability of QC and HQC, reports indicate that this class of drugs can cause cardiotoxicity. The mechanism of this event is not well known, but evidence shows that QC and HQC can cause cardiotoxicity by affecting mitochondria and lysosomes. METHODS: Therefore, our study was designed to investigate the effects of QC and HQC on heart mitochondria. In order to achieve this aim, mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane disruption, and cytochrome c release in heart mitochondria were evaluated. Statistical significance was determined using the one-way and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey to evaluate mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and cytochrome c release, and Bonferroni test to evaluate the ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, and mitochondrial swelling. RESULTS: concentration for CQ is 20 µM and for HCQ is 50 µM. Based on two-way ANOVA analysis, the highest effect of CQ and HCQ on the generation of ROS, collapse in the MMP, and mitochondrial swelling were observed at 40 µM and 100 µM concentrations, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, the highest effect of these two drugs has been observed in 60 min (p < 0.05). The statistical results showed that compared to CQ, HCQ is able to cause the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria in all applied concentrations (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that QC and HQC can cause cardiotoxicity which can lead to heart disorders through oxidative stress and disfunction of heart mitochondria.
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Seydi et al. (2023) studied Cardiotoxicity. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine vs. Control (untreated mitochondria) was evaluated on Mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (IC50: 20 µM for CQ and 50 µM for HCQ, p=<0.001). Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine induced cardiotoxicity in isolated rat heart mitochondria by significantly reducing SDH activity, increasing reactive oxygen species, and causing mitochondrial membrane potential collapse.
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