Invasion mechanisms and management measures of Sporobolus alterniflorus

Sporobolus alterniflorus (S. alterniflorus) is a widespread invasive plant that poses significant threats to coastal wetland ecosystems and local economies worldwide.However, most existing management methods for S. alterniflorus are costly and provide only temporary relief due to reoccurrences and reinvasion.Additionally, limited attention has been paid to examining the application of invasion mechanisms in the design of management measures, hindering the development of effective strategies.In this paper, we reviewed the literature on the mechanisms and management of S. alterniflorus invasion.We identified the key factors enabling invasion mechanisms, analyzed how they are targeted in current control methods, and pointed out their implications for future research.We recommend that the invasion mechanisms of S. alterniflorus should be comprehensively considered during the design of management measures.Furthermore, future research on invasion mechanisms could focus on the joint effects and the relative roles of individual factors in successful invasion, the impact of S. alterniflorus invasion on the coupled human and natural systems, and the systematic review of studies at different scales.