Self-reported pain is associated with a poorer long-term prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction: A SWEDEHEART study

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1. Flowchart of patient selection.

• 

  Fig. 2. Kaplan-Meier estimates of all-cause mortality from 1 year after a myocardial infarction (MI) and number of subjects at risk by pain categories 1 year after MI for men (left) and women (right).

• 

  Fig. 3. Kaplan-Meier estimates of MACE (the composite of all-cause mortality, non-fatal MI, or non-fatal stroke) from 1 year after a myocardial infarction (MI) and number of subjects at risk by pain categories 1 year after MI for men (left) and women (right).

• 

  Fig. 4. Time-varying hazard ratios (HR) for men (left) and women (right) illustrating the relative hazard for all-cause mortality for moderate pain and extreme pain compared with patients without pain, with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) and time-fixed overall HR assuming proportional hazards. HRs were adjusted for age, body mass index, creatinine, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, previous MI, previous stroke, previous congestive heart failure, diagnosis (ST-segment elevation MI/non-ST-segment elevation MI), percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, year of hospital discharge, chest pain (1-year visit), and smoking (1-year visit). All but the two last covariates were measured at hospital discharge.

• 

  Fig. 5. Time-varying hazard ratios (HR) for men (left) and women (right) illustrating the relative hazard for MACE (the composite of all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, or stroke) for moderate pain and extreme pain compared with patients without pain, with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) and time-fixed overall HR (assuming proportional hazards). HRs were adjusted for age, body mass index, creatinine, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, previous MI, previous stroke, previous congestive heart failure, diagnosis (ST-segment elevation MI/non-ST-segment elevation MI), percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, year of hospital discharge, chest pain (1-year visit), and smoking (1-year visit). All but the two last covariates were measured at hospital discharge.

• 

  Fig. 6. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) by sex for pain categories moderate and extreme pain with no pain as reference category for outcomes all-cause mortality and MACE (the composite of all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, or stroke). HRs were adjusted for age, body mass index, creatinine, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, previous MI, previous stroke, previous congestive heart failure, diagnosis (ST-segment elevation MI/non-ST-segment elevation MI), percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, year of hospital discharge, chest pain (1-year visit) and smoking (1-year visit). All but the two last covariates were measured at hospital discharge.