The impact of dapagliflozin on glucose excursions related to early proatherogenic derangement in the aortic wall

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Glucose excursions expressed as the sum of daily differences between preprandial and postprandial glycemia according to the formula: daily differences = (postG1-FG) + (postG2-preG). Glucose was measured 2 times a day, 2 days a week within 8 weeks. Each box expresses a daily differences found on each measure day.

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  Fig. 2. Rat’s aorta - H&E stain. A – T2D-GE group. The nuclei of endothelial cells are arranged in various directions, protruded into the lumen of the aorta. Endothelial nuclei are activated with a significant amount of euchromatin. The nuclei of smooth muscles are arranged in various directions, elastic fibers are wrinkled. The adipose tissue disseminates adventitia with dominant white adipose tissue. Many inflammatory cells are seen in the adipose tissue. B – T2D-noGE group. The nuclei of endothelial cells have mostly a regular shape and occur in a parallel arrangement; a limited focal activation of the nuclei is visible. The nuclei of smooth muscles are linearly arranged with no activation; the parallel arrangement of elastic fibers is found. The adipose tissue is localized not very close to the adventitia, single white adipose tissue cells with the dominating brown adipose tissue cells are seen. Single inflammatory cells are present in the adventitia. C – Dapa-T2D-GE group. The nuclei of endothelial cells have a regular shape and occur in a parallel arrangement; there is no activation of the nuclei. The nuclei of smooth muscles are linearly arranged with no activation; the parallel…

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  Fig. 3. Rat’s aorta - CD68+ cells distribution and count. A – Monocytes/macrophages CD68+ in the adventitia in the T2D-GE group. B – Monocytes/macrophages CD68+ in the adventitia in the T2D-noGE group. C – Monocytes/macrophages CD68+ in the adventitia in the Dapa-T2D-GE group. Photomicrographs of the rat aortas were captured under 200X magnification, scale bar: 1 cm = 100 um. D – The CD68+ cells count in the microscope field of view. a – statistically significant against other groups; p ≤ 0.05. The comparison was carried out using the ANOVA Kruskall-Wallis test, with data expressed as median ± quartile 1 and quartile 3 values. b – statistically significant against the T2D-noGE; p ≤ 0.05. The comparison between the T2D-noGE group and T2D-GE groups was carried out using the Mann-Whitney test, with data expressed as median ± quartile 1 and quartile 3 values.