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In a recent issue of this journal Barnea [1] presented an empirical study of the impact of a specialist (market-maker) on the variability of the price of a stock. He concludes with others that “the chief cost of dealing with a market maker is the difference between the theoretical but unobservable equilibrium price and the transaction price, rather than the bid-ask spread.” This paper presents a rigorous dynamic model in which the specialist, who is uncertain about the future arrival of tenders, determines transaction prices periodically over the trading day. The structure of the model permits a direct comparison of the specialist's prices to the “equilibrium price, ” to be defined below, and also to what prices would be in the absence of a specialist.
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James Bradfield (1979) studied this question.
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