Population
211 male middle and long distance runners, mean age 32 years, competing in events ranging from 5 km to 100 km.
Design
Cohort
Follow-up
Duration of the race event (5 km to 100 km)
Authors
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Supports self-regulated effort across runner abilities in endurance events; leaves open generalizability to clinical exercise or other cohorts.
Athletes actively regulate their relative physiologic strain during competition, maintaining similar relative effort regardless of their running ability, though regulation may fail during competitive catastrophes.
Esteve-Lanao et al. (2008) studied this question.
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