Shaping the cardiac response to hypoxia: NO and its partners in teleost fish

Figures

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  Fig. 1. The evolutionary history of adrenergic receptors was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method and JTT matrix-based model (Jones et al., 1992). The tree with the highest log likelihood (−23184.46) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the JTT model, and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. This analysis involved 52 amino acid sequences. There were a total of 616 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11 (Tamura et al., 2021).

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  Fig. 2. The evolutionary history of nitric oxide synthases was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method and JTT matrix-based model (Jones et al., 1992). The tree with the highest log likelihood (−29100.22) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the JTT model, and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. This analysis involved 31 amino acid sequences. There were a total of 1531 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11 (Tamura et al., 2021). Test of phylogeny: Bootstrap method; No. of Bootstrap Replications: 100. GenBank Acc. Nos. are indicated.

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  Fig. 3. The evolutionary history of hypoxia-inducible factors 1α was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method and JTT matrix-based model (Jones et al., 1992). The tree with the highest log likelihood (−20259.29) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the JTT model, and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. This analysis involved 31 amino acid sequences. There were a total of 914 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA11 (Tamura et al., 2021). Test of phylogeny: Bootstrap method; No. of Bootstrap Replications: 100. GenBank Acc. Nos. are indicated.

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  Fig. 4. Schematic overview of the NOS/NO-mediated intracellular pathways activated in fish cardiomyocyte under hypoxic stress. For details, see the text. AC, adenlylate cyclase; AKT, serine/threonine kinase 1; β3-AR, beta 3 adrenoreceptor; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; LTCC, L-type calcium channel; NO, nitric oxide; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; NO2−, nitrite; PI-3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; PLN, phospholamban; RyR, ryanodine receptor; SERCA, sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pump; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum.