Three-dimensional echocardiography of the tricuspid valve

Figures

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  Figure 1. En face view of the TV showing all three leaflets in the open positions. A = anterior leaflet; AO= aorta; LV= left ventricle; P = posterior leaflet; S = septal leaflet. Reproduced with permission from Pothineni K et al (23).

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  Figure 2. Live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in rheumatic tricuspid valve (TV) stenosis and regurgitation (TR). A: The arrow points to the TV orifice in a patient with TV stenosis. The orifice area measured 2.02 cm2 in diastole. B,C: En face views in another patient with mild TV stenosis but severe TR. The TV orifice area (B) measured 2.4 cm2 in diastole. Systolic frame (C) shows noncoaptation of TV leaflets in the same patient as (B). This measured 0.4 cm2 and resulted in severe TR as assessed by two-dimensional color Doppler. D: En face view from the ventricular aspect in a third patient with rheumatic heart disease showing systolic non coaptation (arrow) of the TV. LA = left atrium; RV = right ventricle. Other abbreviations as in previous figures. Reproduced with permission from Pothineni K et al (23).

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  Figure 3. Live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography of TV prosthesis. A,B: Normal bioprosthetic TV leaflets (arrow) in open (A) and closed (B) positions. Numbers 1, 2, and 3 represent the three struts of the prosthetic valve. C: Arrow shows systolic noncoaptation of bioprosthetic leaflets in another patient. Abbreviations as in previous figures. Reproduced with permission from Pothineni at al (23).

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  Figure 4. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Apical 4 chamber view shows noncoaptation of tricuspid valve (TV) leaflets (arrow) due to a dilated annulus-an important consideration in procedural planning for TV disease. Abbreviations as in previous figures. Reproduced with permission from Murray, et al. (5).

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  Figure 5. Live/real time transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of TR. The color Doppler data set obtained from a four chamber view was cropped to depict the VC which measured 0.41 cm2 in area (A). Abbreviations as in previous figures.

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  Figure 6. Live/real time transesophageal echocardiography. The arrow points to a pacemaker (PM) lead impinging on the septal leaflet (S) of the tricuspid valve. This caused restricted motion of the septal leaflet resulting in severe TR. Findings were confirmed at surgery. Abbreviations as in previous figures.