The sound intensity in the water due to a point source above it has been determined by the ray theory. For a given height of source and depth of point of observation, the intensity and lateral range are given by a pair of parametric equations in terms of the angle of incidence. An example is given for which iso-intensity lines are plotted. A striking feature is the way in which intensity increases appreciably with depth (except directly below the source).
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A. A. Hudimac (1957) studied this question.