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The roots of common concerns in most construction industries can be traced to improving performance against cost, time, and quality criteria. The importance of productivity in meeting cost and time target leads to the formulation of a hierarchy of productivity indicators, which may be used to measure efficiency in a given scenario. Both the literature and case studies reveal the variabilities in productivity levels achieved on construction sites and the vast potential for improvements. Integrated training programs to cater to all levels of construction personnel are proposed as a precursor to upgrading productivity and quality in coordinated strategies to uplift the knowledge, skills, and attitude (culture) of construction workers and managers, their organizations, and the industries themselves.
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Mohan M. Kumaraswamy (1997) studied this question.
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