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What causes people to be motivated and how that motivation is channeled are examined. Alderfer's theory of needs states that people are motivated because of their needs. How motivation is channeled was examined using expectancy theory. The nature of the work to be performed and its influence on motivation is analyzed as is the influence of leadership and the use of incentives. The concept of individual differences is presented and used to illustrate how motivation efforts should be tailored as much as possible to individual workers.
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William F. Maloney (1986) studied this question.
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