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A numerical investigation of the flow evolution over a pitching NACA 0012 airfoil incurring in deep dynamic stall phenomena is presented. The experimental data at Reynolds number Re = 135, 000 and reduced frequency k = 0.1, provided by Lee and Gerontakos, are compared to numerical simulations using different turbulence models. After a preliminary space and time convergence study, two- and three-dimensional URANS with different turbulence models are explored, highlighting the advantages and the drawbacks. Then, the turbulence-resolving capabilities of hybrid RANS/LES strategies are exploited to recover and better represent the dynamic stall vortex. In detail, scale-adaptive simulations (SASs) and stress-blended eddy simulations (SBESs) are adopted. Furthermore, the LES-resolved portion allows a spectral analysis of the force and moment coefficients to investigate the contribution of frequency lower than the pitching one. Finally, a comparison of the proposed approaches with other numerical simulations is given.
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Baldan et al. (2025) studied this question.
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