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This educational series examines developmental processes and anomalies in craniofacial syndromes, guiding clinical management.
Pharyngeal arch development is complex and can result in a wide range of unique head and neck anomalies. Understanding the developmental processes and the related pathoanatomy is essential for clinicians who manage affected patients. This manuscript is the third in a 4-part educational series for plastic surgeons focusing on normal and abnormal pharyngeal arch development. A summary of the etiology and clinical features of each syndrome covered in this manuscript is provided in the Supplemental Table, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SCS/I489 for quick reference.
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Episalla et al. (2025) studied this question.
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