An economic and environmental evaluation of active distribution networks containing lithium ion batteries (Li-ion), sodium sulfur batteries (NaS) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRB) was carried out using the EnergyPLAN software. The prioritization schemes of the combination of energy storage systems and intermittent energy systems were studied technically and economically based on some specific situations of the grid integrated with wind power. The results suggest that the technical and economic optimal intermittent energy-storage capacity ratio was 2:1 in predetermined energy system scenarios. Li-ion batteries storage system performed the best in critical excess electricity production (CEEP) absorption, energy saving and emission reduction while NaS batteries storage system was the most competitive among the three due to its cheaper costs.
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Chen et al. (2015) studied this question.
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