Personalized learning has emerged as a central vision for 21st-century education, but traditional instructional design often fails to deliver adaptive, learner-centered experiences at scale. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled the development of adaptive AI models that dynamically tailor educational content and pathways to individual learners’ needs, preferences, and progress. This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of adaptive AI models, analyzes their potential to reshape instructional design, and addresses key ethical, practical, and pedagogical considerations. Through conceptual analysis and synthesis of recent developments, we foreground the opportunities and constraints of integrating adaptive AI models in diverse educational contexts. We argue that rethinking instructional design requires moving beyond static curricula toward systems that are both learner-responsive and pedagogically grounded. Finally, we propose a framework for ethically responsible implementation and outline research directions to ensure equitable, transparent, and effective AI-enhanced learning environments.
Murugeshi K. (Sun,) studied this question.