Prioritizing enablers for sustainable last-mile delivery: A grey-OPA approach for supply chain diligence in logistics 5.0

Logistics 5.0 has gained significant importance in recent years due to its multiple advantages. This study identifies and prioritizes the enablers of sustainable last-mile delivery (LMD) within the context of Logistics 5.0. It addresses critical gaps in the fragmented literature by integrating technological, sustainability, and human factors into a unified Technology-Sustainability-People (TSP) framework. A hybrid methodology combines expert consensus validation to categorize 18 enablers and quantify their weights, capturing inputs from 11 domain experts. Results show that Stakeholder & organizational and operational & infrastructure enablers together account for 76% of the total, significantly surpassing the technological enablers. Regulatory Alignment, Customer-Centric Incentives, Micro-Fulfilment Centers, and AI-Driven Route Optimization ranked highest, confirming that governance and physical infrastructure precede effective technological deployment. The proposed study proves that human-infrastructure symbiosis is the core of sustainable LMD.