Greening the final stretch: a mixed-method evaluation of sustainable Industry 4.0 in last-mile delivery

Purpose The incorporation of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies into last-mile delivery (LMD) enhances sustainability and competitiveness in logistics. However, existing studies have not established performance metrics for LMD approaches integrating I4.0 and sustainability. This study aims to develop a sustainability/I4.0-based performance measurement methodology for the LMD methods (S-4.0-LMD-Ms). Design/methodology/approach This research used a collaborative management research approach with two leading logistics services companies to frame the evaluation factors and LMD-Ms. The scoping study validates and extends the findings from a thorough literature review analysis. Mathematical modelling was employed to analyze and report accurate data, facilitating informed decision-making recommendations to managers regarding the LMD-Ms’ performance. Findings This study led to the development of a holistic framework for S-4.0-LMD-Ms to guide practitioners and extend theoretical insights. A comprehensive analysis of modern and traditional LMD-Ms was conducted, and a detailed list is presented. Originality/value The study extends sustainability performance measurement by integrating I4.0 capabilities into LMD evaluation and demonstrates a configuration-based perspective on performance. Empirical insights from industry experts validate the framework and highlight the coexistence of technological and incremental improvement pathways.