Spore-Forming Probiotic-Embedded Biomaterials for Targeted Gut Microplastic Biodegradation

enzymatic, biosurfactant-mediated, and oxidative pathways; however, their functional deployment is limited by spatial dilution, enzyme instability, and insufficient polymer-microbe contact. This perspective presents SFP-integrated biomaterial platforms as a conceptual framework for enabling controlled gut microbe-MP interactions. Specifically, we discuss how embedding SFPs into engineered microcapsule, hydrogel, and polymer film biomaterials to localize probiotic activity, regulate germination and secretion dynamics, and mediate controlled MP interactions within gut-physiological conditions. We further outline the mechanistic basis of SFP-mediated MP biodegradation and biomaterial design strategies for optimized targeted activity to create future SFP-assisted gut MP therapeutics.