Genetic characterization of rotavirus A strains circulating in children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran, in 2023–2024: dissemination of the emerging equine-like G3P[8]-I2-E2 DS-1-like strains

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nt sequences of the VP7 gene of detected G3P[8] strains in Iran. Phylogenetic tree analyses for VP7 nt sequences were inferred by using the MLM with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Significant bootstrap values are indicated. The scale bar represents 5% genetic distance. The sequences of rotavirus strains identified in this study (October 2023–October 2024), previous studies (2015–2017 and 2022) and vaccine strains (RotaTeq and ROTASIIL) are indicated by their strain names with green, blue and red squares, respectively. The reference strains are indicated by the strain names.

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  Fig. 2.. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nt sequences of VP4 (VP8*) gene of detected G3P[8] strains in Iran. Phylogenetic tree analyses for VP4 (VP8*) nt sequences were inferred by using the MLM with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Significant bootstrap values are indicated. The scale bar represents 5% genetic distance. The sequences of rotavirus strains identified in this study (October 2023–October 2024) and vaccine strains (Rotarix and RotaTeq) are indicated by their strain names with green and red squares, respectively. The reference strains are indicated by the strain names.

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  Fig. 3.. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nt sequences of the VP6 gene of detected G3P[8] strains in Iran. Phylogenetic tree analyses for VP6 nt sequences were inferred by using the MLM with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Significant bootstrap values are indicated. The scale bar represents 5% genetic distance. The sequences of rotavirus strains identified in this study (October 2023–October 2024) and previous studies (2015–2017 and 2022) are indicated by their strain names with green and blue squares, respectively. The reference strains are indicated by the strain names.

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  Fig. 4.. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nt sequences of the NSP4 gene of detected G3P[8] strains in Iran. Phylogenetic tree analyses for NSP4 nt sequences were inferred by using the MLM with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Significant bootstrap values are indicated. The scale bar represents 5% genetic distance. The sequences of rotavirus strains identified in this study (October 2023–October 2024) and previous studies (2015–2017 and 2022) are indicated by their strain names with green and blue squares, respectively. The reference strains are indicated by the strain names.