Prevalence, genotype diversity, and zoonotic potential of bovine rotavirus A in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia: A multicenter cross-sectional study

Fig. 1. Study site specific RVA infection prevalence among calves in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia, 2022.

Fig. 2. Gel image of RVA VP4 and VP7 gene amplicons. Viral protein 7 gene amplicon (A): ML is a molecular ladder of 100 plus base pair, L1–L3 are representative samples with amplified VP7 gene of 881 bp size. Viral protein 4 gene amplicon (B). ML is a molecular ladder of 100 plus base pairs, L1–L5 are representative samples with VP4 gene amplicons of 877 base pairs size.

Fig. 3. Distribution of RVA G-types (A) and P-types (B) among calves with acute gastroenteritis in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia 2022.

Fig. 4. RVA genotype distribution by study locations. G-type distribution (A), P-type distribution (B) and G/P combination (C).

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene of RVA strains (A–C). Maximum-likelihood tree was constructed based on the partial VP7 CDS region gene sequences (840 base pairs). A GTR nucleotide substitution model was used to construct the phylogenetic tree. Bovine G5 and G3 RVA strains were used as the outgroup. Current Ethiopian bovine RVA strains are marked in red dots while previous Ethiopian bovine strains are marked by orange dots; global bovine RVA strains are marked by orange square; human RVA strains are marked by blue diamonds; and RVA strains from other sources are left unmarked. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) of ≥50 % are shown at each node. The scale represents the rate of nucleotide substitution per site.

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 gene of bovine RVA strains (A-F). Maximum-likelihood tree was constructed based on the partial VP4 CDS region gene sequences (710 base pairs). A GTR nucleotide substitution model was used to construct the phylogenetic tree. Bovine P[7] RVA strain was used as the outgroup. Current Ethiopian BRVA strains are marked in red dots; Previous Ethiopian human RVA strains are represented by green triangles; global bovine RVA strains are represented by orange squares; global human RVA strains are represented by blue diamonds; porcine RVA strains are represented by inverted yellow triangles; and RVA strains from other species are left unmarked. Bootstrap values (1,000 replicates) of ≥50 % are shown at each node. The scale represents the rate of nucleotide substitution per site.