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Effects of additives Li 2 CO 3 , Ag 2 O, NiO, Cr 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Gd 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MnO 2 , Nb 3 O 5 and WO 3 on piezoelectric and related properties of PbTiO 3 ceramics are studied. Additives partly dissolve in lattice and the rest segregate at grain boundary. These additives act as grain growth inhibitors and binders. Additions of Li 2 CO 3 , NiO, Fe 2 O 3 and MnO 2 are most effective for densification. The additives Gd 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , Nb 2 O 5 and WO 3 give high resistivity probably by compensating Pb vacancies. Many piezoelectric and related properties depend on species and content of additives. Grain size is a main factor influencing these properties. The specimens with Cr 2 O 3 and MnO 2 characterized by coarse grain have small ε * , small dissipation factor, short poling time, large coupling factors, high mechanical Q and small elastic compliance. These features may be explained by diminishing of stress between grains, decrease of interfacial polarization and large binding force at grain boundary.
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Ichiro Ueda (1972) studied this question.
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