A review of sustainable biofuel catalysts and additive technologies using nanoparticles

The growing global demand for sustainable and renewable energy has intensified interest in biofuels as viable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, conventional biofuel production is constrained by low conversion efficiency, high feedstock costs, and limited fuel performance. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials to enhance biofuel synthesis, catalytic activity, and combustion behavior. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in nanoparticle-assisted biofuel production, with a focus on metal-based, carbon-based, magnetic, and biologically derived nanoparticles. The influence of nanoparticles on fuel properties, engine performance, and emissions is critically examined, with reported improvements of up to 13.74% decrease in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, about 5–25% enhancement in brake thermal efficiency, increment in combustion efficiency and reduction in Nox, CO and smoke emissions. Key challenges reported include nanoparticle dispersion stability, environmental toxicity, health risks, and economic feasibility. Distinct from previous reviews, this work highlights emerging trends such as biodegradable nanomaterials, AI-driven nanoparticle design, and industrial-scale applications. It further underscores the need for robust regulatory frameworks and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure safe and scalable integration. By synthesizing current progress, challenges, and innovation trajectories, this review contributes valuable insights to guide future research and technology deployment in nano-enabled biofuel required for sustainable and green energy in aviation, shipping, and heavy-duty engines.