Chitosan–2D nanocomposites: A convergence of nature, nanotech, and sustainability

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The integration of natural biopolymers with two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has opened new avenues for designing multifunctional, sustainable, and high-performance materials. Chitosan, a biodegradable and biocompatible polysaccharide, holds significant promise in biomedical and environmental applications but is limited by weak mechanical strength, poor electrical conductivity, and restricted functional versatility. To overcome these challenges, recent studies have focused on chitosan–2D nanocomposites incorporating materials such as graphene, MoS 2 , and MXenes. These hybrids demonstrate remarkable enhancements in structural, thermal, electrical, and biological properties through strong interfacial interactions. This review systematically summarizes the state-of-the-art fabrication strategies—including solution casting, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly—and highlights their impact on material performance. The synergistic properties of these composites enable advanced applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, antimicrobial coatings, and environmental remediation. Furthermore, we discuss the role of interfacial chemistry and nanostructure organization in dictating functional outcomes. Finally, key challenges related to scalability, regulatory approval, and biosafety are examined, along with emerging directions such as stimuli-responsive systems and AI-assisted material design. This review collectively highlights the potential of chitosan–2D nanocomposites as next-generation sustainable platforms at the nexus of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and green innovation.