Textile Concentric Ring Electrodes for ECG Recording Based on Screen-Printing Technology

Figure 1. (a) Graphic representation of a concentric ring electrode (CRE); (b) CRE locations coincide as far as possible with the precordial registration positions CMV1 and CMV2.

Figure 2. Screen patterns used. (a) The first layer corresponds to the disc electrode (conductor layer); (b) dielectric that insulates the connection line that joins the inner disc to the connector; (c) concentric ring electrode is implemented in the third layer (conductor layer); (d) fourth layer, dielectric, insulates the connection line that joins the concentric ring electrode to the connector and the skin.

Figure 3. Photograph of the CRE set implemented: (a) corresponds to the silver electrode, (b) corresponds to the PEDOT:PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) electrode and (c) CRE integrated with an adjustable belt.

Figure 4. Attachment of the concentric ring electrode to the chest for obtaining two BC-ECG recordings simultaneously. M1: inner disc of the patient's right electrode, M2: outer ring of the patient’s right electrode, M3: inner disk of the patient’s left electrode and M4: outer ring of the patient's left electrode.

Figure 5. (a) Detail of the PEDOT:PSS on the substrate; the PEDOT:PSS is embedded in the fabric pattern; (b) Detail of the Ag on the substrate.

Figure 6. (a) Thickness of the PEDOT:PSS on the substrate (view A–B from Figure 5a); (b) thickness of the Ag on the substrate (view A’–B’ from Figure 5b).

Figure 7. External ring: (a) electrode–skin impedance (pole-to-pole) magnitude and (b) phase angle.

Figure 8. Five seconds of raw ECG signals and its corresponding averaged beat at its right. (a.1) BC1-ECG acquired with the silver CRE at the right position (CMV1). (b.1) BC2-ECG acquired with the silver CRE at the left position. (d.1) BC1-ECG acquired with the PEDOT:PSS CRE in the right position (CMV1). (e.1) BC2-ECG acquired with the PEDOT:PSS CRE in the left position. (c.1,f.1) Standard lead II simultaneously recorded with the two BC-ECG signals sensed by the silver and PEDOT:PSS CREs, respectively. (a.2–f.2) averaged beats of BC-ECG signals shown in traces (a.1–f.1) respectively.