A Review of the Neurobiological Mechanisms and Treatment Options of ADHD Across Different Age Groups

This review paper synthesizes academic research to explore various aspects of ADHD, including its neurobiological mechanisms involving the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the roles of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine. It also examines how treatment approaches for ADHD vary across different age groups, emphasizing the need for special consideration in specific age groups, such as preschool children and older adults, due to factors like medication tolerability and physical condition. Additionally, the paper discusses emerging medications and non-pharmacological treatments, as well as established pharmacological treatments like stimulants and non-stimulants. Given the heterogeneity of symptoms and the individual responses to treatment, the significance of personalized treatment approaches in ADHD management is highlighted in this paper. Furthermore, it advocates for continued exploration into the pathophysiology of this disorder and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to meet the specific needs of different individuals, thereby improving outcomes for affected individuals across the lifespan.