Analytic hierarchy process-aware forecasting and economic management in fuel cell-enabled renewable-rich energy clusters with shared hydrogen storage and financial–social welfare considerations

In this paper, the coordinated welfare-based operation of fuel-cell driven storage-enabled shared mobility for renewable-rich ECCs is considered. To this end, we design a distributed Stackelberg game-theoretic framework with blockchain-enhanced DT management that controls interactions in hierarchy between Shared Hydrogen Transportable (SHT) operator and Energy Communities with access to Shared Electrical Transportable (SET). The welfare-aware hydrogen and electricity exchange prices and dispatch are determined in the upper level, while the lower level obtains each community's optimal operation subject to privacy constraints by using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers. We consider uncertainty using a hybrid approach that incorporates stochastic programming, distributionally robust optimization with Wasserstein ambiguity sets, and Information Gap Decision Theory for low confidence signals. Scenario Generation and Reduction: employs a copula-based joint scenario generator and Kantorovich-Wasserstein planning, and critical security limits are imposed using chance-constrained formulations. A blockchain level is implemented for smart-contract settlements and security, and a DT maintains synchronism of cyber-physical states to underpin adaptive receding-horizon control. Results on tricommunity testbed demonstrate significant cost reduction, higher hydrogen penetration and better peak regulation performance compared to that if each community operates independently while guaranteeing the fairness of benefit distribution under an explicit social welfare constraint. Comparative analysis shows that SHT is superior to SET for multi-hour balancing because of decoupled electrolyzer–fuel-cell scheduling, smaller curtailment, and finer inter-period arbitrage. A refined analytic hierarchy process evaluates composite performance in economic, environmental, and operational dimensions and substantiates cost effectiveness as the most critical priority for ECC.